2024 VTNE Radiography ( Version 1 ) Complete Questions & Answers (Solved) 100% Correct
- How many days after fertilization will canine fetal skeletons first appear on a
radiograph?
Answer: 42 days
At 42 days after fertilization, calcium is absorbed into the fetal skeletons and makes them visible on the radiograph.
- A cystogram is a radiographic study performed to identify the position, shape, and
lesions involving what structure?
Answer: Urinary bladder
A cystogram is a radiograph of the urinary bladder region taken after injection of positive-contrast medium directly into the bladder via a urinary catheter.
- Which type of urinary stone is lucent and does not typically show up on a
radiograph?
Answer: Urate
Urate and Cystine are the two types of stones that do not usually show up on radiographs and require ultrasound or contrast studies to diagnose.
Calcium oxalate and struvite stones are radiodense and usually visible on a radiograph. Magnesium ammonium phosphate is another name for a struvite stone.
- During which of the following periods is a human embryo or fetus most sensitive
to adverse effects from radiation?
Answer: First trimester
The first 3 months of pregnancy are the most important in terms of radiation safety because the embryo/fetus is most sensitive at this time. This heightened sensitivity is due to the organogenesis that occurs during the first trimester.
- Many x-ray machines used in veterinary medicine have a 2-part exposure process.
The first step involves depressing a button or pushing a pedal half-way to prepare the machine for the exposure and then a second button or fully depressing the pedal to take the exposure. What happens in the x-ray machine when the first step is started?
Answer: The anode rotates and the filament is heated
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To generate x-rays, the filament must be heated for a process called thermionic emission to occur, wherein a cloud of electrons forms around the filament and can be accelerated from cathode to anode for the exposure. Because a great deal of heat build-up occurs during x-ray production, most x-ray machines have a rotating anode to distribute the heat. This is done in preparation for the exposure. When the exposure button is pressed, charge in the x-ray tube accelerates the electrons, which hit the target at the anode, which emits x-rays.
- Which bone is adjacent to the ulna?
Answer: Radius
The radius is adjacent to the ulna. The femur and tibia are bones of the hind limb.
- When taking a lateral thoracic radiograph of a dog, where should the field be
centered?
Answer: 5th rib and caudal border of the scapula
A lateral thoracic radiograph should be taken by drawing the forelimbs forward to prevent them from overlapping the cranial thorax. The film should be centered at the 5th rib and caudal border of the scapula; the film should also be collimated to include the manubrium (as the cranial landmark) and half way between the xiphoid and the last rib (as the caudal landmark). The head and neck should be in a natural position, neither extended nor flexed, and the sternum and dorsal spinous processes should be in a plane parallel to the table, indicating that the animal is not rotated. All lung fields should be included, and the film should be taken on maximum inspiration.
- If a region of the film does not come into contact with developer but does run
through fixer and the rest of the processing steps, what will this region look like?
Answer: It will be clear
Films go into the developer first, reducing exposed silver halide into elemental metallic silver, which is black. If a region of the film does not touch the developer, there will be no black on the film even if it was exposed. The remaining crystals would be converted into a soluble form in the fixer solution, dissolving away and leaving a clear image.
- You are asked to take a DLPMO radiograph of a horse's fetlock with a portable
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x-ray unit. Where will the x-ray unit be and where should the film cassette be?Answer: The x-ray beam should come from the more dorsal side of the limb, and the film will be on the more medial aspect of the limb.
With a DLPMO or dorsolateral-palmaro/plantaromedial oblique, the beam comes from 45 degrees between dorsal and lateral sides of the limb, and the film is placed 45 degrees between the medial aspect and the palmar (or plantar) aspect.
- Which bone articulates with the patella?
Answer: Femur
The distal femur articulates with the patella at the level of the trochlear groove. The patella attaches to the tibial tuberosity but does not articulate with this bone. The fibula is the bone directly adjacent to the tibia. The humerus is a bone of the forelimb.
- In radiation safety, what is the difference between the "rad" and the "rem"?-
Answer: Rem applies a quality factor to rad
Rad and rem are both old units of types of absorbed dose that can be applied to either the patient or to personnel. More commonly, rem is used in radiation safety for personnel, and rad is used in radiation therapy in dose calculations.
The difference between the two is that rad is the basic unit of absorbed dose, and rem applies a quality factor depending on the type of radiation. For x-rays, rad equals rem; but for other types of radiation such as neutrons and protons, rem may be greater than rad. Rem exposure is of greater relevance in radiation protection than rad because the biologic effects of 10 rad of neutron exposure is far greater than the biologic effects of 10 rad of x-ray exposure.
The units that should be used currently are the Gray (Gy) and the Sievert (Sv) for absorbed dose and effective absorbed dose respectively, but many people still use rad and rem.
- Which of the following principles will always improve radiographic image
quality?
Answer: Use the highest milliampere (mA) setting and lowest time (s) setting
possible to achieve the desired mAs
The product of multiplying the milliamperage (mA) and time (s) is the mAs, which determines the degree of film exposure for a given kVp. Minimizing the time of exposure decreases motion artifact that occurs from the patient moving. It is always preferable to use the highest milliamperage and lowest time setting for this reason.Depending on the type of radiographic study and the size of the animal, a certain kVp and mAs will produce a radiograph with a corresponding amount of contrast and latitude. Maximizing contrast at the expense of latitude or vice-versa may not yield the best radiograph.
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