CMMB 343 Final Exam material from

CMMB 343 Final Exam (material from after MT2) Questions With Complete Solutions How many microbes do adult humans contain?ORFs?How many diff species where is the majority - Correct Answers ✅-10^13, same number of microbial cells as human cells

- ORFS in microbiome outnumber ORFs in our genome 150:1

• More than 10k diff microbial species have been identified,

most of us have 1k diff ones

• 95% of Human microbioate live in the GI tract

Microhabitats - Correct Answers ✅The specific areas where microbes can grow (Skin, GI tract, etc), these are not homogenous and are going to vary in physical characteristics (pH, temp, oxygen) Microbiota - Correct Answers ✅All the microbes in a microhabitat, GI microbiota Microbiome - Correct Answers ✅All the microorganisms in a all the microhabitats, human microbiome Variation in Microbes among Major Microbiota - Correct Answers ✅- The skin, UGT, and saliva all have a majority of gram positive organisms, if there is majority gram negative that indicates a misbalance and a disease state 1 / 4

CMMB 343 Final Exam (material from after MT2) Questions With Complete Solutions

• The GI tract has approximately equal amounts of GN and

GP, with GN dominating Why study human microbiome What does it influence (Two things) What is research focused on (Three things) - Correct Answers ✅- The acquisition, composition and mantainace of microbiota is essential

• It influences the physical development (presence or

absence of certain organism will change way you develop, makeup, look, physiology of intestinal tract can be diff) and health

• Research is focused on classifying the different microbiota

(difficult bc everyones is so diff), finding microbes that are linked to health outcomes, and manipulating the microbiota for health outcomes The GI microbiota

• Home to?
• increasingly?
• Which species ?
• Colon resembles a ? - Correct Answers ✅- 10 trillion

microbial cells

• Increasingly anaerobic and neutral
• Primary fermentative bacteroidites and fermicutes 2 / 4

CMMB 343 Final Exam (material from after MT2) Questions With Complete Solutions

• Colon resembles a continuous culture systems (lots of

nutrients and turning over) Mutalistic Symbiosis What 5 things do microbes do for us - Correct Answers ✅- Digestion, Biosynthesis, chemical modifications, microbial warfare, IS development Digestion - Correct Answers ✅- Help us digest complex carbohydrates like cellulose, chiton, starch

• 10% of human nutrition comes from SCFAs that microbes

produce such as citrate and butyrate Biosynthesis of Essential Compounds - Correct Answers ✅- Make vitamins (E. coli makes A and D, also thiamine and biotin)

• Make Amino Acids (we can't make some or get from diet)

chemical modification - Correct Answers ✅- Bile acid from Gallbladder gets chemically modified by the microbes so its not acidic anymore and it is then reabsorbed and cycled back Microbial Warfare - Correct Answers ✅- Help protect us from pathogenic microbes, attack each other

• Compete for things like space and resources 3 / 4

CMMB 343 Final Exam (material from after MT2) Questions With Complete Solutions

• Produce bacteriocins and lantobiotics

Immune system development - Correct Answers ✅- Signal via SCFAs to train IS to recognize normal from potential pathogens

• If we get bad microbes, the signals change and we get and

immune response Development and diveristy

• Fetus is?
• Colonization begins?
• Breast milk contains? - Correct Answers ✅- Sterile
• At birth, via contact with skin and feeding
• Birth method heavily influences early colonization
• Breast milk contains sugars that we cannot digest, so the

microbes do and development

• Growing releases wastes like SCFAs which communicate

with the IS and help develop the intestine At what age does the microbiota stabilize? - Correct Answers ✅- 3 years

• C-section babies will have one that resembles birth parent

skin

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