BS 161 FINAL EXAM LATEST UPDATE 2024-2025
250 QUESTIONS AND 100% VERIFIED CORRECT
ANSWERS GUARANTEED A+
Addition of six nucleotides in the intron of a eukaryotic gene. - CORRRECT ANSWER: Will not harm an organism
Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase - CORRRECT ANSWER: Concluded that DNA, no
protein, was the genetic material. They determined that a protective protein coat was formed around the bacteriophage, but that the internal DNA is what conferred its ability to produce progeny inside a bacterium
Alleles - CORRRECT ANSWER: one member of a pair (of any of the series) of genes
occupying a specific spot on a chromosome (called locus) that controls the trait; one of the possible forms of a gene. Most genes have two alleles, a dominant allele and a recessive allele.
Anaphase - CORRRECT ANSWER: Pairs of chromosomes (sister chromatids) are
drawn to opposite poles of the elongated cell. Duplicate copies of the cell's DNA are now on either side of the cell and are ready to divide completely
Microtubules get shorter, which begins to allow the cell to separate
Bacterial (Prokaryotic) Genome - CORRRECT ANSWER: Haploid
One origin of replication One chromosome Circular chromosomes Size much smaller (0.6 to 10 Mb) No distinct regions DNA is bound to nucleoid associated proteins to form a DNA-protein complex Does not have true nucleus, only a region called a nucleoid
Channel-linked receptors - CORRRECT ANSWER: cell membrane bound receptors;
they act through synaptic signaling on electrically excitable cells and convert chemical signals (ligand) to electrical ones
Chromosome - CORRRECT ANSWER: a structure in all living cells that consists of a single molecule of DNA bonded to various proteins and that carries the genes determining heredity. In all eukaryotic cells, the chromosomes occur as threadlike strands in the nucleus
Compare and contrast autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition. - CORRRECT ANSWER: Autotrophs produce their own food from substances in their surroundings using light or chemical energy 1 / 3
Heterotrophs can't synthesize their own food and rely on other organisms for nutrition
Compare and contrast DNA replication and transcription - CORRRECT ANSWER:
Replication is the duplication of two-strands of DNA. Transcription is the formation of single, identical RNA from the two-stranded DNA. The two strands are separated and then each strand's complementary DNA sequence is recreated by an enzyme called DNA polymerase
Compare and contrast positive and negative control and give examples of each from the lac operon - CORRRECT ANSWER: Negative- operon switched off by active repressor, lac repressor without allolactose bind to operator blocks transcription
Positive- operon switched on by active regulatory protein, CRP protein and cAMP binds to DNA, helps RNA polymerase bind to promoter.
Compare and Contrast repressible and inducible operons, and how they reflect
differences in the pathways they control. - CORRRECT ANSWER: Repressible- small
molecule bind repressor and turns off the operon, useful for anabolic pathways, enough product turns off pathway
Inducible- small molecule bind repressor and turns on the operon, useful for catabolic pathways, presence turns on gene to digest
Compare and contrast substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation
(chemiosmosis), and photophosphorylation. - CORRRECT ANSWER: Substrate level
phosphorylation is the formation of ATP by the direct transfer of a PO3 group to ADP (ATP formed by phosphate group from ADP)
Oxidative phosphorylation uses proton gradient to generate ATP from ADP and occurs in cellular respiration, NADH is oxidized to NAD+ yielding 2.5 ATP and FADH2 yields 1.5 ATP (ATP formed by proton gradient to ADP. Occurs in cellular respiration)
Phosphorylation is when light energy is used to create high energy electron donor and a lower energy electron acceptor; electrons move spontaneously through the electron transport chain (Light is used. Makes high energy electron DONOR. Makes low energy electron ACCEPTOR)
Compare and contrast the strength of each interaction in a solid versus an aqueous
solution. - CORRRECT ANSWER: Solid has higher concentration of bonds than
aqueous solution
Compare and contrast the structure and function of RNA with DNA. - CORRRECT
ANSWER: DNA and RNA are made up of 5 carbon sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous
base 2 / 3
Ribose in RNA instead of deoxyribose, single strand RNA double strand DNA, uracil in RNA thymine in DNA
Compare and contrast the structure of the chloroplast and the mitochondria and relate to their functions. - CORRRECT ANSWER: Similarities: Both have inner membrane, outer membrane, and lots of surface area. Both carry out respiration processes and have DNA and RNA.
Mitochondria is rod shaped and has a cristae and is found in all plant and animal cells
Chloroplast is lens shaped and has a stroma, thylakoid, and grana and is only found in plant cells
Mitochondria is only involved in aerobic respiration and chloroplast is involved in photosynthesis
Compare the fate of pyruvate in alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation -
CORRRECT ANSWER: lactic is used in muscles and alcohol is used in yeast
Compare the processes of fermentation and cellular respiration. - CORRRECT
ANSWER: Need cellular respiration to have fermentation but not vice versa bc
fermentation needs oxygen
Compare the structure and functions of smooth and rough ER. - CORRRECT ANSWER: The smooth ER serves diverse functions in different cells: its enzymes are involved in phosopholipids and steroids (including sex hormone) synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and detoxification of drugs and poisons. The smooth ER is also in st- The rough ER manufactures membranes from the cell. Enzymes built into the membrane assemble phospholipids, and membrane proteins formed by bound ribosomes are inserted into the ER membrane
Compare the structures and functions of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate
filaments of the cytoskeleton - CORRRECT ANSWER: Microtubules -have hollow rods
constructed of columns of globular proteins called tubulins. Microtubules change length through the addition or subtraction of tubulin dimers. They also provide the supporting framework of the cell, microtubules serve as tracks along which organelles move with the aid or motor molecules.
Microfilaments (actin)- solid rods consisting of a twisted double chain of molecules of the globular protein actin. Actin filaments are microfilaments function in support forming a network just inside the plasma membrane and the core of small cytoplasmic extensions called microvilli
Intermediate filaments- Intermediate filaments are intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments are more diverse in their composition. Intermediate
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