APHON EXAM – Questions With Solutions How does cancer start? ✔️Ans -with one cell; one genetic mutation How are cyclins activated? ✔️Ans -When they are bound with a CDK enzyme What do cyclins do? ✔️Ans -stimulate the cell to go to the next phase What do CDK inhibitors do? ✔️Ans -prevent damaged cells from replicating What is apoptosis? ✔️Ans -programmed cell death What is a natural cell death where the cell blebbs and is removed by phagocytes? ✔️Ans -apoptosis Do cancer cells have apoptosis? ✔️Ans -no What is the primary reason multiple chemotherapy agents are used to treat cancer? ✔️Ans -resistance to single chemotherapy agents can develop Why do we use multiple chemotherapy agents? ✔️Ans -to overcome drug resistance and give a broader range of coverage against naturally resistant tumor cells In the TNM staging system, what does the T stand for? ✔️Ans -primary Tumor size In the TNM staging system, what does the N stand for? ✔️Ans -presence or absence of lymph Node involvement In the TNM staging system, what does the M stand for? ✔️Ans -presence or absence of distant Metastases What is pharmacodynamics? ✔️Ans -the effect of the medication on the body What is pharmacokinetics? ✔️Ans -How the body affects the medication
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