2024 VTNE Study Guide ( Version 2 ) New Q&A in Study Guide - A++ Guaranteed!
- What does Eimeria stiedai cause?
Answer: Eimeria stiedai is the species of Eimeria that causes hepatic coccidiosis in rabbits. The rabbits ingest sporulated oocysts, which contain four sporozoites that hatch and travel via the hepatic portal vein to the liver and penetrate the bile duct epithelium. The schizonts in the bile duct cause bile duct hyperplasia; they block the bile duct, causing hepatomegaly, icterus, and liver failure.
- The small intestine is made up of four layers. Which of the following de- scribes
these layers from inside to outside?Answer: The inner most layer of the intestine is the mucosa. It is lined with villi which help to absorb nutrients. The next layers working outward are the submucosa, muscularis, and serosa.
- Which parasite is the most important cause of parasitic gastritis in cattle and is
commonly known as the brown stomach worm?
Answer: Ostertagia is the brown stomach/abomasal worm and is a major cause of
parasitic gastritis in cattle. It is the most common roundworm in cattle.
- What is Strongylus vulgaris?
Answer: Strongylus vulgaris is a large intestinal worm in horses that can migrate to the anterior mesenteric artery.
- What is Ancylostoma braziliense?
Answer: Ancylostoma braziliense is known as the Southern dog hookworm and is a
primary cause of cutaneous larval migrans.
- What is Haemonchus?
Answer: Haemonchus is known as the barberpole worm or red stomach worm and is
especially problematic in sheep.
- What is a an abomasum
Answer: The abomasum is the fourth stomach in ruminants and functions in a similar fashion to a monogastric stomach
- Amphotericin B is often used in cases of resistant fungal infections, such as
occurs with diseases like Coccidioides immitis. This medication is known for the potential to cause severe damage to which organ?
Answer: Kidneys. Renal parameters must be followed closely in animals that are
receiving amphotericin B injections. 1 / 3
- What is the panniculus reflex tests?
Answer: The panniculus or cutaneous reflex tests for superficial pain. A fold of skin is grasped with a small hemostat and pinched just lateral to midline on both sides. A twich of the skin or the panniculus reflex is observed or contraction of the cutaneous trunci muscle. This helps to determine the caudal margins of normal superficial pain bilaterally.
- What is a proprioception test?
Answer: Proprioception is a test to determine if the pet knows where the limbs are in space, or position awareness. The paw is first flipped under so that the dorsal part of the foot is touching the floor, and then the paw is released. The pet should return the paw to the normal positioning. If the remaining paw flipped over, this indicates a proprioceptive deficit.
- What are signs of cyanide toxicity in horses?
Answer: Bright red-colored blood and mucous membranes with signs of respiratory
distress are typical findings for cyanide toxicity. There are many plants that can accumulate cyanide to levels that are toxic to horses. They include Sudan and Johnson grasses, cherries (chokecherries), and Sorghum. Treatment is with sodium nitrate or sodium thiosulfate IV.
- What is Choke?
Answer: Choke is an obstruction in the esophagus.
- What is COPD in horses?
Answer: COPD, also called heaves due to heavy expiration, can be caused by dusty or moldy hay, dust and molds in bedding, or pollens, dust and other irritants in the environment. Horses housed with these symptoms should be led out to pasture to remove them from the irritating environment.
- What can the use of black walnut shavings in horse bedding cause?
Answer: -Laminitis
- Aside from diabetes, what is another cause for glucosuria in a cat?
Answer: Excitement, stress, and fear increase blood glucose levels. If those levels exceed the renal threshold, glucosuria can occur.
- What is the drug of choice for treating Tritrichomonas foetus in cats?
Answer: The only proven effective treatment for treating T. foetus is ronidazole. It is a nitroimidazole antimicrobial that has mutagenic properties and should be handled as would a chemotherapeutic agent. Ronidazole is not licensed for use in cats and is thus used off-label for this parasite; it should only be used with caution and with 2 / 3
informed, signed, owner consent.
- Which joint allows rotational movement of the head from side to side or from
right to left or left to right?Answer: The atlantoaxial joint is a pivot joint which allows rotation of the head from side to side. It is located between the atlas and axis.
- What is the Atlantooccipital joint do?
Answer: The atlantooccipital joint provides the up and down motion of the head and is located between the occipital condyles of the skull and C1 or atlas.
- What is the coxofemoral joint?
Answer: The coxofemoral joint is the hip joint.
- What is the scapulohumeral joint?
Answer: The scapulohumeral joint is where the scapula joins with the proximal
humerus
- What does a lysosome do?
Answer: A lysosome is a spherical organelle that produces enzymes which break up cellular debris that has been taken up by the cell. Lysosomes digest excess or old organelles, food particles, and viruses or bacteria.
- What do mitochondria do?
Answer: Mitochondria are responsible for making energy.
- What does the Gogli apparatus do?
Answer: The Golgi apparatus packages proteins and lipids after they are
synthesized.
- What equine gastrointestinal parasite, when deposited at an abnormal site on the
skin or mucous membranes, is responsible for causing the eosinophilic granulomas known as summer sores?
Answer: Habronema spp. and Draschia spp. are stomach worms of the horse. The
larvae in feces are ingested by the maggots of flies, and the flies can deposit them at susceptible moist skin areas, damaged skin areas, or mucous membranes where the larvae cause an eosinophilic granuloma as a reaction to their migration.
- A horse with extended forelimbs and arched and tense back that is painful when
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turning most likely has which of the following conditions?Answer: Laminitis, also known as founder, is a very painful condition in which the lamina in the hoof becomes inflamed. The horse tries to compensate for this pain and