2024 VTNE Pharmacology Exam Version 6

2024 VTNE Pharmacology Exam ( Version 6 ) New Full Exam Questions and Answers ( Included ) 100% Correct

• Common GI problems

Answer: - vomiting, regurgitation, diarrhea, abdominal pain (colic), bloat (GDV), constipation, malabsorption, maldigestion

• Digestive physiology of GI tract

Answer: - to break down fat with amylase and break down carbs with lipase

• Digestive anatomy of GI tract

Answer: - a long hollow muscular tube from the mouth to the anus that is composed of 3 segments (gastric-stomach, enteric-intestine, colonic-colon)

• Monogastrics

Answer: - carnivores and omnivores who have a simple stomach used for enzymatic digestion (dogs, cats, swine)

• Ruminants

Answer: - herbivores who have a complex forestomach used for rumination and a true stomach (abomasum) used for microbial digestion in a fermentation vat (cattle, sheep, goats)

• Hindgut fermenters

Answer: - nonruminant herbivores who use digestive enzymes in addition to digestive microbes for fermentation through an enlarged cecum and colon (equine, rabbits, elephants)

• Function of GI tract

Answer: - peristalsis by flow of material/moving forward of ingesta through GI tract and segmentation through the churning of GI contents

• Autonomic nervous system

Answer: - regulates the GI tract without conscious thought and is divided into 2 opposing components (parasympathetic nervous system and sympathetic nervous system)

• Hormones and chemical secretions that help control the GI tract

Answer: - prostaglandins/PgE/PgI (compounds produced by tissues to exert change in the immediate area), gastrin (hormone released by the stomach wall that signals the stomach to relax), histamine/H (released by basophils and mast cells during inflam- mation/allergic reaction), seratonin, secretin

• Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer:

• known as the rest and restore system and is typically associated with the neurotransmitter

acetylcholine 1 / 3

• increases intestinal motility/GI secretions, relaxes sphincters by smoothing muscle tone, and

helps absorb nutrients by increasing blood flow to GI tract

• cholinergic drugs stimulate these actions and anticholinergic drugs inhibit these actions

• Sympathetic nervous system

Answer:

• known as the fight or flight system by antagonizing the parasympathetic nervous system and

is typically associated with the neurotransmitter norepinephrine

• increases heart rate, blood pressure, and redirects blood flow from nonessential to essential

organs

• decreases perfusion and motility of GI tract which decreases digestion and absorption of

nutrients

• sympathomimetic drugs stimulate these actions

• Anticholinergic drugs

Answer: - are also called parasympathetic drugs

• Cholinergic drugs

Answer: - are also called sympathetic drugs

• Emetics

Answer:

• drugs that induce vomiting/emesis via the vomit center in the medulla as a protective

mechanism upon ingestion of toxic substances

• composed of centrally and locally acting

• Vomiting is triggered by stimulation of

Answer:

• neurons in vomit center (a adrenergic/serotonin receptors)
• the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CRTZ) in the medulla
• the vagus nerve due to distension or tissue irritation
• nerves in the inner ear (CN VIII) due to balance or motion
• the higher brain center/cortex by emotional stimuli or trauma

• Animals that do not vomit

Answer: - horses, rats, rabbits

• Exceptions to the use of emetics

Answer: - risk of aspiration, ingestion of corrosive/volatile substances (acids, bases, gasoline), a patient who is convulsive/comatose (no gag reflex), bloating/gastric torsion

• Locally acting emetics

Answer: - cause irritation of the GI tract via parasympathetic stimulation of the vomit center 2 / 3

(syrup of ipecac/now outlawed), (hydrogen peroxide/can cause severe gastritis and is not effective in cats)

• Centrally acting emetics

Answer: - stimulate the CRTZ/vomit center in the brain (CII controlled opioid drug apomorphine is DOC in dogs via IV, IM, eye), (xy- lazine/Rompun/Sedazine is DOC in cats)

• Antiemetics

Answer: - drugs which prevent or decrease vomiting when it is no longer beneficial (phenothiazine derivatives, antihistamines, anticholinergics, prokinetics)

• Phenothiazine derivative antiemetics

Answer:

• drugs that inhibit the release of dopamine in the CRTZ (acepromazine/Promace),

(chlorpromazine/Thorazine), (prochlorperazine/Compazine)

• side effects include hypotension, sedation, and lower seizure threshold in epileptic patients

• Antihistamine antiemetics

Answer:

• drugs that block motion sickness by blocking input from the vestibular system to the CRTZ

(trimethobenzamide/Tigan), (dimenhydri- nate/Dramamine), (diphenhydramine/Benedryl)

• side effects include sedation

• Anticholinergic antiemetics

Answer:

• drugs that block the release of acetylcholine (Ach) at the nerve endings via parasympathetic

stimulation (atropine/Atropisol), (aminopentamide/Centrine), (isopropamide/Darbazine)

• side effects include urine retention and decrease of gut motility

• Prokinetic antiemetics

Answer: - drugs that increase GI motility (duodenum/jejunum)

, lower esophageal muscle tone, and relax the pyloric outflow of the stomach (cisapride/Propulsid), (maropitant citrate/Cerenia) (metoclopramide/Reglan also a centrally acting emetic)

• Diarrheal causes

Answer: - maldigestion/malabsorption, hypersecretion, parasitism, altered intestinal motility, increased permeability of intestinal mucosa

• Functions of antidiarrheals

Answer:

• 2 types of action (GI blockers and PNS stimulators)
• modification of intestinal motility by decreasing peristaltic movements or increasing segmental

contractions in the small intestine

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