2024 VTNE Pharmacology Exam ( Version 1 ) New Full Exam Questions and Answers ( Included ) 100% Correct
- Who regulates controlled drugs?
Answer: The FDA (Food and Drug Administration) and the DEA (Drug Enforcement
Administration)
2. C-I
Answer: Schedule I drugs have the most abuse potential and no current medically acceptable use Marajuana, heroin
3. C-II
Answer: Schedule II drugs have a high abuse potential and are prone to cause severe dependence Written prescription only (except in emergencies with written script within 72 hrs) No refills Morphine, oxycodone, amphetamines, fentanyl
4. C-III
Answer: Schedule III drugs have moderate abuse potential with low to moderate risk of dependence (more likely psychological than physical) Ketamine, buprenorphine, anabolic steroids, intermediate-acting barbiturates
5. C-IV
Answer: Schedule IV drugs have a low abuse potential and low risk of dependence
Benzodiazepines (diazepam), long-acting barbiturates (phenobarbital)
6. C-V
Answer: Schedule V drugs have the lowest risk of abuse or dependence of the scheduled drugs
- Compounded drug
Answer: One that has been manipulated in a way that is not provided for in an FDA approved drug label
- Five "rights" of drug administration
Answer:
Right drug Right amount Right route Right time Right patient
- Therapeutic index (TI)
Answer: Comparison between a drug's ability to reach the desired effect and its tendency to produce toxic effects
TI = LD50/ED50 1 / 3
The larger the number, the safer the drug
10. LD50
Answer: The dose of a drug that is lethal in 50% of the animals in a trial
11. ED50
Answer: The dose of a drug that is effective in 50% of the animals in a trial
- Blood-brain barrier
Answer: A mechanism that prevents some substances in the blood from reaching the brain. It is achieved by brain capillaries, which unlike other capillaries elsewhere in the body, are composed of endothelial cells sealed together in continuous tight junctions and surrounded by astrocytes that contribute to the selective passage of substances. Lipid-soluble substances such as alcohol, caffeine, nicotine and most anaesthetics, as well as glucose, oxygen and water, pass rapidly into brain cells, whereas proteins, most antibiotics and ions do not enter or enter very slowly. The mechanism protects brain cells against harmful substances and pathogens.
- Biotransformation
Answer: The process by which the body inactivates and breaks down a drug and readies it for excretion Types include hydroxylation and acetylation Also known as metabolism
- Metabolite
Answer:
Byproduct produced when a drug is metabolized Can be active or inactive
- Antimicrobial drugs
Answer: Kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi)
Classified as -cidal (kill the organism) or -static (prevent its replication)
- Antimicrobials work via five mechanisms. Name them and give an example of each.
Answer:
- Disruption of microbial cell wall development (penicillins)
- Damaging the cell membrane of static / adult populations (polymyxins)
- Interference with microbial protein synthesis (aminoglycosides)
- Inhibition of nucleic acid production (griseofulvin, ketoconazole)
- Disruption of microbial metabolic activity (sulfa drugs)
- Classes of antimicrobials
Answer:
Aminoglycosides (gentamicin) 2 / 3
Penicillins (amoxicillin) Cephalosporins (cephalexin) Tetracyclines (doxycycline) Quinolones (enrofloxacin) Lincosamides / Macrolides (clindamycin) Sulfonamides (sulfadimethoxine) Antifungals (ketoconazole) Antivirals (acyclovir) Non-categorized (metronidazole)
- Classes of drugs used for pain control
Answer: Analgesics Anti-inflammatories
- Opioids
Answer: Narcotic analgesics which block the pain impulse to the brain Morphine, meperidine, butorphanol, codeine
- Corticosteriods
Answer:
Steroid anti-inflammatory used for pain relief Dexamethasone, prednisone
21. NSAID
Answer: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
Block prostaglandin production within the inflammatory process Safer but less effective than steroids Carprofen, asprin
- Most common euthanasia agent
Answer: Pentobarbital sodium
- Doxapram
Answer: Stimulates the respiratory center in the brain
- Drugs that affect the autonomic nervous system, classified by the system they affect
Answer: (system: produce / inhibit)
Parasympthetic: cholinergics / anticholinergics
Sympathetic: adrenergics / adrenergic blockers
- Anticholinergics
Answer: Blocks acetylcholine
Slows GI motility, dries secretions, speeds HR, dilates pupils
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