2024 NSCA CSCS Test Prep A++ Test with All-New Q&As Ensures Guaranteed Success!
- What is the anatomical position?
Answer: The position where the person is standing upright with the arms at the side and the palms of the hands facing forward
- What is the Sagittal plane and the primary type of movement that takes place in this
plane?
Answer: This plane divides the body into right and left regions.
Flexion/extension occurs in this plan.
- What is the frontal plane, another name for it and the primary type of move- ment
that takes place in this plane?Answer: The frontal (coronal) plane runs through the center of the body from side to side, dividing the body into front and back halves.
Abduction/addiction occurs in this plane. Some inversion(such as ankle inversion when dribbling a soccer ball) also takes place.
- What is the transverse plane and the primary type of movement that takes place in
this plane?Answer: The transverse plane is horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower regions.
Rotation occurs in this plane, such as hip internal/external rotation or trunk twists.
- What is the difference between velocity and speed, and how are they calculated ?
Answer:
Velocity is the rate of change of distance over time.
Speed is the rate at which an object covers a distance, and velocity describes how fast and in what direction an object is moving.
Average speed is calculated by dividing the distance traveled by the amount of time it took to cover that distance.
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The same can be said for average velocity, but it entails the distance traveled in a given direction.
- What factors influence the torque extended by a joint?
Answer: Various characteristics of the joint such as range of motion (ROM) of the joint and the angle within this range that the joint is in; the relationship of muscle length vs force; length of the lever arm of the bone; leverage resulting from the use of joints l as first-, second- and third- class levers; and speed of contraction of muscles at the joint
- What is force, how is it calculated, and what determines the magnitude of force
produced by a muscle at any given time?Answer: Force is the interaction of two physical objects that have both magnitude and direction, often thought of as push or pull exerted on one object by a second object.
Force, in Newtons (N), is calculated via F = ma.The number of cross-bridges formed between actin and myosin filaments deter- mines the amount of force produced by a muscle at any instant in time.
- What is the rate of force development, how can it be visually represented, and for
what aspect of sports does it serve as an index?
Answer:
The change in force divided by the change in time.
The force-time curve graphically represents the RFD.
It has relevance for sports where the timing of movements or explosiveness is critical.The generation of maximum force in minimum time is an index of explosive strength.
- What is a motor unit, and what does its function depend on ?
Answer: The functional unit of the neuromotor system consisting of the motor
neuron all the muscle fibers it inner ages. Motor units contain only one type of muscle fiber (i.e., Type I, Type IIa, Type IIx)x
Motor unit function depends on the morphological and physiological characteristics of the muscle fibers inner ages by the motor neuron.
- What compromises a motor neuron, and what is its function ?
Answer: Consisting of an alpha motor neuron(cell body), Axon, and dendrites, the 2 / 4
motor neuron transmits nerve impulses from the spinal cord to the muscle fiber. A myelin sheath surrounds the axon, with nodes, interrupting the myelin every 1 to 2 mL.
The alternation of myelin and nodes allows an electrical current (I.e., nerve impulse) to quickly move down the axon with impulses " jumping" from node to node. The terminal branches end at the neuromuscular junction.
- What is a motor end plate, And what is its functions?
Answer: The chemical synapse between the end of the myelinated motor neuron, and the muscle fiber.
Transmits nerve impulses from the motor neuron to the muscle fiber , initiating the simulation of the nerve fiber by chemical transmission. The action potential reaches a terminal branches, and ACh is released across the synaptic space, stimulating the sarcolemma. When enough ACh is released, an action potential is generated and travels the length of the muscle fiber, causing it to contract.
- What are Golgi tendon organs?
Answer: Golgi tendon organs (GTOs) are mechanoreceptors that lie parallel to
extrafusal muscle fibers near the muscultendinous junction and detect tension changes in an active muscle, acting as feedback monitors.
- What is the difference between autogenic, inhibition and reciprocal in-
hibition?
Answer: Autogenic inhibition is when a muscle relaxes when it is stretched or
experiences tension, because the GTO's activate an inhibitory interneuron. It takes place in the same muscle.
Reciprocal inhibition occurs when a contracting muscle stimulates the muscle spin- dles , causing the opposing muscle to relax. It takes place in the antagonist.
- What is the function of the somatic system and what can be considered its
counterpart?Answer: The somatic nervous system, innovate, skeletal muscles and is responsible for conscious control of voluntary movements.
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is the counterpart, because it is the other part of the motor system, but it is under involuntary control.
- What are the three tissue layers in the structure of arteries and veins and what
are they composed of? 3 / 4
Answer:
The endothelium or the tunica intima forms the inner layer.The middle layer, the tunica media, contains the last in and smooth muscle fibers.Connective tissue forms, the outside coding called the tunica externa .
- Anatomically what are the primary control structures for blood pressure
regulation?Answer: Arterioles regulate blood flow into the capillary bed through constriction and dilation, so they are the primary control structures for blood pressure regulation.
- What is the function of the ANS and what are its subdivisions?
Answer: The autonomic nervous system innervates smooth and cardiac muscles and
glands.
It is also responsible for visceral motor actions (e.g., pumping the heart ,food move- ment through the digestive tract). It is under involuntary control, unlike the somatic
nervous system. It has two subdivisions: then sympathetic and parasympathetic
nervous systems.
- What are the steps in the electrical conduction system of the heart?
Answer: The electrical conduction system of the heart begins with the impulse
known as the action potential from the pacemaker at the sinoatrial (SA) node. The impulse travels across the right, and left atria before activating the atrioventricular (AV) node. From the AV know the impulse continues down the septum along cardiac fibers (The bundle of HIS). The impulse in spreads out and across the ventricles via the Purkinje fibers.
- What do the components of the ECG represent?
Answer:
The P-wave represent depolarization of the atria, or when the signal travels from the SA node to the AV node .The QRS complex is depolarization of the ventricles .
The T wave represents a repolarization or recovery of the ventricles.
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