2024 NSCA CSCS - Study Review 2

2024 NSCA CSCS - Study Review 2 Study Guide With 100% Verified Answers

• axial skeleton

Answer:

Skull (cranium) Vertebral column Ribs Sternum

• appendicular skeleton

Answer:

Shoulder girdle (pectoral, scapula clavicle) Bones of the arms, wrist and hands Pelvic girdle (coxal bones) Bones of the legs, ankles and feet

• types of joints (w/examples of each)

Answer:

Fibrous (skull sutures) - allow no move- ment Cartilaginous (intervertebral discs) - limited movement Synovial (elbow, knee)- considerable movement

• Conduction System of the Heart

Answer: SA node -> AV node ->AV bundle -> left bundle branch -> right bundle branch -> purkinje fibers

• Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)

Answer: (First area of conduction) intrinsic pacemaker of the heart

• Atrioventricular Node

Answer: 2nd area of conduction where the impulse is delayed slightly before passing into ventricles

• Atrioventricular Bundle

Answer: 3rd area of conduction where impulses are conducted to the ventricles

• After the AV bundle what part of the heart's conduction system conducts

impulses to all parts of the ventricles?

Answer: Left and right bundles branches (4th area) Purkinje Fibers (5th area)

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• Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Answer: Records electrical activity of the heart at the surface of the body. Shows P wave, QRS complex and T wave

• What part of an ECG shows depolarization?

Answer: P wave and QRS complex

• What part of the ECG shows repolarization?

Answer: T wave (ventricular muscle)

• sliding filament theory

Answer: The muscle fiber shortens as the actin filaments slide over myosin

filaments and Z-lines are pulled toward the center of the sarcomere

• Resting Phase
• Excitation-Contraction coupling phased 3 contraction phase
• recharge phase
• relaxation phase

• The amount of force produced by a muscle at any instant in time is related to ?

Answer: The number of myosin cross bridges bound to actin filaments

• Skeletal Muscle Pump

Answer:

The assistance contracting muscles provide the circu latory system Works with venous system to return blood to the heart via one way valves *Contracting muscle compresses the veins and the blood is returned to the heart due to one-way direction

• main functions of blood

Answer: Transport oxygen from lungs to tissue removal of carbon dioxide

• hemoglobin

Answer: Is a iron-protein molecule carried by RBCs that transports oxygen Is an

acid-base buffer and H+ ion regulator

• respiratory system

Answer: Basic exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

air passes through the nose and into the nasal cavity (which warms, humidifies, and purifies the air) the air is distributes to the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli

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• The lungs expand and recoil by what mechanism of action?

Answer: Downward and upward movement of the diaphragm to lengthen and

shorten the chest cavity Elevation and depression of the ribs to increase and decrease the back to front diameter of the chest cavity

• describe inspiration and the muscles involved

Answer:

Contraction of the diaphragm (negative pressure) creates a vacuum External intercostals, sternocleidomastoids, anterior serrati, scalenes

• describe expiration and the muscles involved

Answer:

Relaxation of the diaphragm, elastic recoil compresses the lungs expelling the air out Abdominal muscles (Rectus abdominus, external and internal obliques, transverse abdominus), internal intercostal

• Pleural pressure

Answer: pressure in the narrow space between the lung pleura (mem- branes

enveloping lungs and chest wall lining) and the chest wall

• alveolar pressure

Answer: pressure inside the alveoli when the glottis is open and no air is flow in or out of the lungs

• To cause inward flow of air during inspiration, pressure in the alveoli must?

Answer: fall to value slightly lower than the atmospheric pressure

• To cause outward flow of air during expiration, pressure in the alveoli must?

Answer: rise above atmospheric pressure

• Steps of Muscle Contraction

Answer:

• initiation of ATP splitting (myosin ATPase) causing the myosin head to be in an

"energized" state allowing it to move into position available for actin to bind

• myosin head changes shape and shifts due to loss of phosphate from ATP splitting
• Power stroke! actin pulled in toward the sarcomere, ADP released
• Myosin head detaches from actin after the power stroke when another ATP will

bind to the myosin head

• myosin head is read for step 1 and the cycle continues as long as ATP and ATPase are

present and calcium is bound to troponin

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• Type I Muscle fibers

Answer:

Slow-twitch Efficient Fatigue resistant Aerobic Low ATPase activity small size low threshold red high mitochondrial size

• Type IIA Muscle fibers

Answer:

Fast- twitch Inefficient Fatigable Anaerobic High ATPase activity Large Size Intermediate threshold Red/White Intermediate mitochondrial size

• Type II X Muscle fibers

Answer:

Fast- twitch Inefficient Fatigable Anaerobic High ATPase activity Large Size Intermediate threshold White Low mitochondrial size

• Proprioception

Answer: Proprioceptors are sensory receptors within joints, muscles and tendons

and are sensitive to pressure and tension

Muscle spindles are a type of proprioceptor (intrafusal and extrafusal fibers run parallel to each other)

When a muscle lengthens the spindles are stretched which activates the sensory neuron of the spindle sending and impulse to the spinal cord where in synapses with motor neurons

• Do muscles performing precise movements have few of many spindles per unit of

mass?Answer: Muscles performing precise movements have many spindles per unit of

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