Environmental Health 6011 Final Exam Questions With Complete Solutions Two differences between virus and bacteria - Correct Answers ✅1 Bacteria are a single cell and can exist on their own (no nuclei or substructures)
- Viruses must invade a host cell and use its genetic DNA
Role of DNA in protein synthesis - Correct Answers ✅DNA acts as a template for RNA and encodes the sequence of proteins Role of mRNA in protein synthesis - Correct Answers ✅mRNA is a single-strand of RNA, it moves out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm. Ribosomes read the mRNA code to produce a chain of amino acids.Role of tRNA in protein synthesis - Correct Answers ✅tRNA brings amino acids made by the mRNA to the ribosome where proteins are constructed, reads the message of nucleic acids and TRANSLATES it into proteins.Role of ribosomes in protein synthesis - Correct Answers ✅Protein factories in the cytoplasm. Binds to mRNA and reads the code in it to produce a chain of amino acids.Catalyze the synthesis of protein chains from amino acids.How do biological and genetic factors influence our response to environmental hazards? - Correct Answers ✅Genes can 1 / 3
Environmental Health 6011 Final Exam Questions With Complete Solutions determine the progression and severity of a disease, even if the disease wasn't caused by the environment.What is the microbiome? - Correct Answers ✅The microbiome are the microbial organisms that live within the intestines, skin, and within mucus membranes.How does the microbiome prevent disease? - Correct Answers ✅The microbiome can impact how toxicants are absorbed (or not absorbed) into the body and impact our susceptibility to disease.
Define: Environmental response gene - Correct Answers
✅This dictates a person's response to certain environmental exposures, but without exposure it has no health consequence.Explain how environmental factors influence genetic expression. - Correct Answers ✅Epigenetics - heritable changes in the phenotype without changes in the DNA structure (genotype). The environment can change what genes are expressed and when. Epigenetics determines which genes are expressed (turned on or off).Central Dogma of DNA to Protein - Correct Answers ✅DNA
- Transcription - RNA - Translation - Protein 2 / 3
Environmental Health 6011 Final Exam Questions With Complete Solutions Types of Genetic Mutations (two big categories) - Correct Answers ✅1. Microlesions
- Macrolesions
- Frameshift Mutations
- Changes in chromosome number (aneuploidy, polyploidy)
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Types of Microlesions (genetic mutations) - Two Types - Correct Answers ✅1. Base-pair substitution
Types of Macrolesions (genetic mutations) - Two Types - Correct Answers ✅1. Chromosome Aberrations
Explain base-pair substitution - Correct Answers ✅Changes the sequence of the genetic base pairs (AT/GC) due to an interaction with an outside chemical structure. Point mutations. Does not always change the function (but can) Explain frameshift mutations - Correct Answers ✅Insertion or deletion of one or more bases (AT/GC) in the sequence.Changes the reading frame. Almost always get an altered protein, often leads to non-functional.Explain Chromosome Aberrations - Correct Answers ✅Change in chromosome structure via deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation. Benzene, ionizing radiation can cause it.