Which of the following is not one of the three main types of research designs?
A descriptive research
B correlational research
C experimental research
D standardized research
The correct answer and explanation is:
Correct Answer: D. Standardized research
The three main types of research designs in the field of psychology and the social sciences are descriptive research, correlational research, and experimental research. Each of these serves a different purpose in the research process.
Descriptive research is used to describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon. It does not test relationships or make predictions but provides an accurate portrayal of the subject under investigation. Examples include case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observation. This type of research answers “what” questions such as “What is happening?” or “What do people think?”
Correlational research examines the relationship between two or more variables without manipulating them. It helps researchers understand patterns and associations. For example, researchers might study the correlation between time spent on social media and levels of anxiety. While this design can show if a relationship exists, it cannot establish cause and effect.
Experimental research involves manipulating one variable to determine if it causes a change in another variable. This is the only design that can establish causality. It includes control groups, random assignment, and the manipulation of independent variables. For example, an experiment might investigate whether a new teaching method improves student performance compared to traditional methods.
Standardized research, on the other hand, is not a recognized research design type. The term “standardized” typically refers to procedures or instruments that are consistent and uniform, such as standardized tests or measurement tools. It does not describe a design but rather a method or quality of data collection.
In summary, descriptive, correlational, and experimental research are the three main types of research designs. Standardized research is not a design type but a characteristic of methodology, which is why option D is the correct answer.