Which of the following is a criticism of behavior theory? A. Behavior theory is only appropriate for explaining abnormal cognition. B. Behavior theory ignores the role that cognition plays in human behavior. C. Behavior theory is not based on research and lacks scientific support. D. Behavior theory lacks comprehensive explanatory power.
The correct answer and explanation is:
Correct Answer: B. Behavior theory ignores the role that cognition plays in human behavior.
Explanation:
Behavior theory, also known as behaviorism, focuses on observable behaviors and how they’re influenced by environmental stimuli. Developed primarily by psychologists like John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner, behavior theory emphasizes learning through conditioning. Two major forms of conditioning are classical conditioning (associating stimuli) and operant conditioning (using reinforcement or punishment to shape behavior).
One major criticism of behavior theory is that it does not adequately consider internal mental processes, such as thoughts, beliefs, and emotions. This is what makes option B the best choice. Critics argue that human behavior cannot be fully understood by only examining external actions and responses. Cognitive processes, such as decision-making, perception, memory, and reasoning, play essential roles in how people behave and adapt. By ignoring these mental processes, behavior theory offers a limited view of human psychology.
Option A is incorrect because behavior theory is not limited to abnormal cognition. In fact, it has been widely applied in education, therapy, and everyday behavior modification for people of all cognitive abilities.
Option C is false because behavior theory is grounded in extensive scientific research. It has a long history of experimental validation and has significantly influenced areas like behavior therapy, education, and animal training.
Option D is partially true but too vague to be a strong criticism compared to option B. While it may lack the ability to explain more complex human experiences (like morality or creativity), the more precise and accepted criticism is that it ignores cognitive processes.
In response to this limitation, cognitive psychology and cognitive-behavioral approaches emerged, integrating thoughts and feelings into understanding and modifying behavior. Thus, the development of more modern theories highlights the importance of cognition, which traditional behaviorism overlooks.