What types of evidence or persuasion are used in Spoliarium? Has evidence been interpreted fairly?
The correct answer and explanation is:
Correct Answer:
In Spoliarium by Juan Luna, the types of persuasion used are emotional appeal (pathos) and symbolism. These elements serve to communicate powerful messages about injustice, oppression, and national identity. The evidence is interpreted fairly, reflecting both historical reality and the painter’s intent to inspire nationalistic sentiment.
Explanation (300 words):
Juan Luna’s Spoliarium (1884) is a massive historical painting that depicts the bodies of dying gladiators being dragged into a Roman arena’s chamber after combat. While on the surface it represents a scene from ancient Rome, Luna used emotional appeal and symbolism to indirectly comment on the Spanish colonial rule over the Philippines.
The emotional appeal (pathos) is evident in the expressions of grief, defeat, and suffering portrayed on the faces and bodies of the fallen gladiators and the mourning figures. Luna’s detailed depiction of anguish evokes deep sympathy from viewers, drawing them into the emotional and moral gravity of the scene. This approach encourages the audience not just to view the painting aesthetically, but to feel the tragedy and relate it to the plight of oppressed peoples.
Symbolism plays a key persuasive role. The lifeless bodies of gladiators symbolize the Filipino people under colonial subjugation. The darkness of the background and the brutal treatment of the bodies allude to the harsh conditions and lack of dignity experienced by Filipinos during Spanish rule. This indirect messaging was a powerful form of resistance, allowing Luna to express nationalist ideas under the watchful eyes of colonial authorities.
The interpretation of evidence in Spoliarium—both visual and thematic—is fair and grounded in historical context. Scholars and critics widely acknowledge that Luna intended the painting to be more than a depiction of Roman history; it was a subtle form of protest and a cry for justice. Its acclaim in Europe and among Filipino reformists, including José Rizal, confirms its impact as a fair yet emotionally charged portrayal of colonial injustice and national aspiration.