What is the protective covering called that develops as a coding of repeating polysaccharide or glycoprotein units
The correct answer and explanation is:
The protective covering that develops as a coating of repeating polysaccharide or glycoprotein units is called a capsule.
A capsule is an outer, usually sticky, structure that surrounds some bacteria, fungi, and certain other microorganisms. It serves as a protective layer, offering various functions that help the organism survive in its environment. The capsule is typically composed of polysaccharides (sugar molecules) or glycoproteins (proteins attached to sugar molecules), both of which are essential in creating a robust and protective shield.
The primary role of the capsule is to protect the microorganism from the host’s immune system. It helps in preventing the microorganism from being engulfed and destroyed by immune cells like phagocytes. The capsule can also make it more difficult for the immune system to recognize the pathogen in the first place, allowing it to evade detection. This is why microorganisms with capsules are often more virulent or harmful to their hosts.
Capsules can also play a role in adhesion, helping bacteria to stick to surfaces, including tissues in the host’s body. This aids in the colonization of tissues and the establishment of infections. The capsule also helps retain moisture, which is important for survival in harsh environmental conditions.
In addition to these protective roles, capsules contribute to the organism’s ability to form biofilms, which are clusters of microbial cells attached to surfaces. Biofilms can be resistant to antibiotics and immune responses, making infections more difficult to treat.
In summary, capsules are protective coverings made of polysaccharides or glycoproteins that help microorganisms evade immune detection, adhere to surfaces, and survive in hostile environments. They are a key factor in the pathogenicity of many bacteria and fungi.