Pertaining to biological theories of ADHD, which statement is NOT true? A. Cigarette smoking while pregnant may play a role B. ADHD is 100% due to heritability C. Exposure to lead may increase the risk D. Being born preterm may play a role in the development of ADHD
The correct answer and explanation is:
The correct answer is B. ADHD is 100% due to heritability.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a complex condition that involves a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurobiological factors. The statement that ADHD is 100% due to heritability is incorrect, as no single factor can solely account for the development of ADHD.
While genetic factors do play a significant role in ADHD, research indicates that it is not entirely inherited. Studies suggest that around 70-80% of the risk of developing ADHD can be attributed to genetic influences, meaning there is a strong hereditary component, but environmental factors also contribute significantly. This includes prenatal and postnatal influences, social, and psychological factors.
Now, let’s break down the other options:
A. Cigarette smoking while pregnant may play a role: This statement is true. Maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of ADHD in the child. Nicotine and other harmful substances in cigarettes can interfere with the development of the fetal brain, particularly areas involved in attention and impulsivity.
C. Exposure to lead may increase the risk: This is also correct. Lead exposure, particularly in early childhood, has been linked to various cognitive and behavioral problems, including ADHD. Lead can interfere with brain development and function, particularly in areas that regulate attention and behavior.
D. Being born preterm may play a role in the development of ADHD: This is a true statement as well. Children born prematurely or with low birth weight are at a higher risk for developmental and neurological issues, including ADHD. The earlier a child is born, the greater the likelihood of disruptions in brain development, which may contribute to the disorder.
In conclusion, while heritability is a major factor in the development of ADHD, it is far from being 100%. Environmental factors such as prenatal influences, lead exposure, and premature birth can all increase the likelihood of a child developing ADHD.