Match each of the following types of bonds with their correct description. Hydrogen . Polar Covalent Nonpolar Covalent Ionic A. Bonds based on the unequal sharing of an election between two atoms. B. Bonds based on the equal sharing of an election between two atoms. C. Bonds based on the transfer of an election from one atom to another. D. Bonds based on partial + or – charges between molecules.
The correct answer and explanation is:
Correct Matches:
- Hydrogen – D. Bonds based on partial + or – charges between molecules.
- Polar Covalent – A. Bonds based on the unequal sharing of an electron between two atoms.
- Nonpolar Covalent – B. Bonds based on the equal sharing of an electron between two atoms.
- Ionic – C. Bonds based on the transfer of an electron from one atom to another.
Explanation (Approx. 300 words):
Chemical bonds are the forces that hold atoms together in compounds and determine the structure and properties of substances. There are several types of chemical bonds, each with unique characteristics based on how electrons are distributed between atoms.
Hydrogen bonds are not true chemical bonds but are strong intermolecular forces. They occur when a hydrogen atom, already covalently bonded to a highly electronegative atom like oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine, is attracted to another electronegative atom in a nearby molecule. This results in partial positive and negative charges that attract each other. For example, hydrogen bonding occurs between water molecules and contributes to water’s high boiling point.
Polar covalent bonds occur when two atoms share electrons unequally. This happens because one atom has a higher electronegativity (ability to attract electrons) than the other. As a result, the shared electrons spend more time closer to the more electronegative atom, creating a dipole with partial positive and negative charges. Water (H₂O) is a classic example, where oxygen pulls more strongly on the shared electrons than hydrogen does.
Nonpolar covalent bonds involve the equal sharing of electrons between two atoms, typically of the same or similar electronegativity. This equal distribution means there is no permanent charge difference across the bond. Molecules like oxygen gas (O₂) or methane (CH₄) contain nonpolar covalent bonds.
Ionic bonds form when electrons are transferred from one atom to another, usually between a metal and a nonmetal. One atom becomes a positively charged ion (cation), and the other becomes a negatively charged ion (anion). These oppositely charged ions attract each other strongly. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is a classic example of an ionic compound.
Understanding these bond types is fundamental to studying chemistry and explaining the properties of substances.