How do Psychologists define intellectual disability? What is the distinction between organic intellectual disability and cultural-familial intellectual disability?
The correct answer and explanation is:
Correct Answer:
Psychologists define intellectual disability as a condition characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, originating before the age of 18.
Explanation (300 words):
Intellectual disability is a developmental condition that involves limitations in mental abilities such as reasoning, problem-solving, and learning, as well as limitations in adaptive behaviors like communication, self-care, and social skills. These impairments must be present during the developmental period, typically before the age of 18. Diagnosis involves standardized intelligence testing, where an individual usually scores approximately two standard deviations below the mean (an IQ of about 70 or below), along with assessments of adaptive functioning.
There are two major subtypes of intellectual disability based on causation: organic intellectual disability and cultural-familial intellectual disability.
Organic intellectual disability is linked to biological or physical causes. These may include genetic disorders like Down syndrome or Fragile X syndrome, prenatal exposure to toxins, brain injury, or infections affecting the central nervous system. Individuals with organic intellectual disability often display more severe impairments and may have physical anomalies or neurological conditions. These disabilities can occur across all social and economic levels and are usually identifiable through medical or genetic testing.
Cultural-familial intellectual disability, on the other hand, has no known physical or biological cause. It typically arises in families with a history of low intellectual performance and is often associated with environmental factors such as limited educational opportunities, poor nutrition, and lack of cognitive stimulation in early childhood. This type of intellectual disability is more commonly mild and tends to be found more frequently in families with lower socioeconomic status.
The key distinction lies in the cause. Organic intellectual disability results from identifiable biological factors, while cultural-familial intellectual disability is believed to stem from environmental influences and familial patterns. Understanding the difference helps professionals tailor interventions and support strategies based on the individual’s background and needs.