Concepts that have been developed and defined for use in a particular theory are called
A variables.
B models.
C concepts.
D constructs
The correct answer and explanation is:
Correct Answer: D. Constructs
Explanation (300 words):
In research and theoretical frameworks, constructs are concepts that have been specifically developed, defined, and operationalized for use in a particular theory. They are abstract ideas or phenomena that cannot be directly observed but are essential to explaining behaviors, processes, or outcomes within a theory.
For example, in psychology, constructs such as intelligence, motivation, or self-esteem represent mental or emotional states that are not directly measurable. However, through research, these constructs are carefully defined and often measured using various instruments, such as surveys or standardized tests.
Constructs differ from concepts in that concepts are general and can be vague or broadly used across different contexts. A concept becomes a construct when it is clearly defined within a theoretical framework, given operational meaning, and made measurable. For instance, “stress” as a general concept becomes a construct when it is defined in a specific way (e.g., perceived stress measured by a particular scale).
Let’s briefly compare the other options:
- A. Variables are measurable representations of constructs. For example, “age” or “income” are variables. They can be manipulated or measured, but they do not capture the abstract idea unless tied to a construct.
- B. Models are simplified representations of reality, often made up of constructs and variables, used to explain or predict phenomena.
- C. Concepts are general ideas or mental symbols; they lack the precise definition and operationalization that constructs have in research settings.
Thus, the correct answer is D. Constructs because they are theory-bound, precisely defined, and essential for empirical testing within scientific inquiry.