All but one statement could describe a scientific theory. That is: A) Newly discovered evidence may disprove a theory B) Scientific theories are frequently overturned by new evidence C) Descriptive accounts of how nature will behave under certain conditions D) New evidence changes one part of a theory, while leaving the big picture intact
The correct answer and explanation is:
The correct answer is B) Scientific theories are frequently overturned by new evidence.
Explanation:
Scientific theories are well-substantiated explanations of some aspect of the natural world based on a body of evidence gathered through observation, experimentation, and reasoning. They are not guesses or hypotheses but comprehensive frameworks that explain phenomena consistently over time.
Statement A is true because scientific theories must be testable and falsifiable. If new evidence is discovered that contradicts a theory, the theory may be revised or discarded. This openness to change is a strength of science.
Statement C correctly describes scientific theories as descriptive accounts that predict how nature will behave under specific conditions. Theories provide models and explanations that help understand and anticipate natural events.
Statement D reflects the nature of scientific progress. When new evidence emerges, it often modifies or refines parts of a theory rather than completely replacing the entire framework. This process allows theories to become more accurate and comprehensive over time.
Statement B is incorrect because scientific theories are not frequently overturned. Overturning a scientific theory requires substantial and consistent contradictory evidence. Most well-established theories, such as the theory of gravity or evolution, have withstood extensive testing and remain reliable explanations. Changes tend to be incremental improvements or expansions rather than frequent complete replacements.
In summary, scientific theories are robust explanations supported by evidence. They evolve with new information, but the overturning of entire theories is rare. The scientific method encourages continuous testing, refinement, and sometimes replacement of theories, but this is a careful and evidence-based process, not a frequent occurrence.