According to the _, a person compares her own ratio of perceived outcomes to perceived inputs to the ratio of a comparison other.
A. reinforcement theory
B. predicted outcome value theory
C. social exchange theory
D. equity theory
E. expectancy theory
The correct answer and explanation is :
The correct answer is D. equity theory.
Equity Theory is a psychological theory that explains how individuals perceive fairness in social exchanges and relationships, particularly in the context of inputs (what a person contributes) and outcomes (what a person receives). According to the theory, people compare their own perceived ratio of inputs to outcomes with the ratio of a comparison other (someone they feel is relevant for comparison). The goal is to achieve a sense of fairness or equity in these exchanges.
For example, if an employee perceives that they put in a certain amount of effort (input) and receive rewards (outcomes) that are equivalent to what a colleague receives for similar effort, the individual is likely to feel satisfied and perceive the situation as fair. However, if the individual feels they are contributing more (greater inputs) but receiving fewer rewards (lower outcomes) than the comparison other, they may feel a sense of inequity, leading to dissatisfaction, motivation loss, or attempts to restore balance.
In the context of the workplace, equity theory suggests that employees will gauge their work-related outcomes (salary, benefits, recognition) against the inputs (skills, experience, effort) of others and adjust their behaviors accordingly. If they feel inequity, they might either reduce their inputs (working less hard), increase their outcomes (seeking a raise or promotion), or try to change their perception of fairness.
The theory is crucial for understanding motivation in organizational behavior and human interactions because it emphasizes the importance of perceived fairness in maintaining satisfaction and motivation. When individuals feel they are being treated fairly compared to others, they are more likely to be engaged and motivated. However, perceived inequities can lead to frustration, decreased motivation, or even resentment.
Other theories mentioned, such as reinforcement theory and expectancy theory, deal with different aspects of motivation and behavior, but equity theory is specifically focused on the comparison of inputs and outcomes in social exchanges.