According to research (Weiner) this, more than anything else, marked the essence of happiness.
The correct answer and explanation is:
Correct Answer: Perceived control
According to the research conducted by Bernard Weiner, perceived control is identified as a key factor that marks the essence of happiness. Weiner, known for his work on attribution theory, focused on how people interpret the causes of events and how these interpretations influence their emotions and behaviors. One of the most critical insights from his work is that individuals who believe they have control over their circumstances are more likely to feel satisfied, motivated, and happy.
Explanation (300 words):
Bernard Weiner’s attribution theory primarily deals with how people explain the causes of their successes and failures. His framework involves three dimensions: locus of control (internal vs. external), stability (stable vs. unstable), and controllability (controllable vs. uncontrollable). Among these, controllability is deeply tied to feelings of happiness. When individuals perceive that they have control over the outcomes in their lives — such as their success at work, personal relationships, or health — they are more likely to feel empowered and content.
This sense of control gives people a psychological foundation to act, make changes, and feel effective in their environment. When people believe that their efforts can lead to desired outcomes, they are more optimistic and resilient in the face of challenges. On the other hand, a perceived lack of control often leads to feelings of helplessness, anxiety, and depression — states that are incompatible with happiness.
Weiner’s research aligns with findings in positive psychology and behavioral science, which suggest that autonomy — the feeling of self-direction and freedom — is a central component of well-being. This is evident in both adults and children: when people feel that they are in control of their decisions and actions, they experience higher levels of intrinsic motivation and satisfaction.
Therefore, while many factors contribute to happiness (e.g., relationships, income, health), perceived control is arguably the most essential because it influences how we interpret and respond to every other aspect of our lives.