How do the skin’s accessory structures change over time?
The correct answer and explanation is :
The skin’s accessory structures, including hair, nails, and sweat glands, undergo significant changes as a person ages. These changes are primarily influenced by a reduction in the skin’s regenerative capacity, hormonal fluctuations, and environmental factors.
- Hair: As individuals age, the hair follicles experience a decline in the production of melanin, the pigment responsible for hair color. This leads to the graying of hair, which typically begins in middle age but can vary based on genetics. Additionally, hair growth becomes slower, and hair follicles may shrink over time. This results in thinner, weaker hair, which is more prone to breakage. In some cases, hair loss occurs, particularly in areas such as the scalp (androgenic alopecia, or male/female pattern baldness), due to a decrease in the size and function of hair follicles.
- Nails: With aging, nails often become more brittle and may develop ridges or discoloration. The rate of nail growth slows down, and nails may become thicker or more prone to fungal infections. The reduction in circulation and slower cell turnover contributes to these changes, making nails more susceptible to damage and infections.
- Sweat Glands: The number and function of sweat glands, both eccrine and apocrine, decrease with age. This reduction in sweat production can lead to a decreased ability to regulate body temperature, making older adults more susceptible to heat-related illnesses. The apocrine glands, responsible for producing sweat that leads to body odor, also diminish in function, which can lead to a reduction in body odor but may also impact the skin’s moisture levels.
- Sebaceous Glands: These glands produce sebum, which helps lubricate and protect the skin. As people age, the sebaceous glands become less active, leading to drier skin. This dryness can cause irritation, itching, and a decrease in the skin’s ability to form a protective barrier.
Overall, these changes in the skin’s accessory structures contribute to the overall aging appearance of the skin and can affect its function and health.