Which of the following is true of self-conscious emotions? They generally occur when we are alone. They require a sense of self. They cannot be read by others. They are part of the families of basic emotions. Moving to the next question prevents changes to this answer.
The Correct Answer and Explanation is:
The correct answer is: They require a sense of self.
Explanation
Self-conscious emotions, such as pride, shame, guilt, and embarrassment, are a distinct class of feelings that are fundamentally linked to our perception of ourselves. The most accurate statement among the choices is that these emotions require a sense of self. This is because their very existence depends on an individual’s ability to engage in self-reflection and self-evaluation. To feel proud, for instance, one must be aware of their own accomplishment and judge it positively. Similarly, to feel guilt or shame, one must recognize that they have violated a social norm or a personal standard, which necessitates an awareness of oneself as an agent whose actions have consequences. This cognitive prerequisite is why self-conscious emotions emerge later in child development, typically around the age of two, after a child has developed self-awareness.
Let’s examine why the other options are incorrect. The idea that self-conscious emotions generally occur when we are alone is false. In fact, they are often intensely social emotions, frequently triggered by the real or imagined presence and judgment of others. Embarrassment, for example, almost always occurs in a social context.
The claim that they cannot be read by others is also inaccurate. These emotions have recognizable, albeit complex, nonverbal expressions. A person feeling shame might slump their posture and avert their gaze, while someone experiencing pride may stand tall with an expanded chest. Blushing is a classic physical sign of embarrassment that is clearly visible to others.
Finally, the statement that they are part of the families of basic emotions is a common misconception. Psychologists distinguish between basic emotions (like happiness, sadness, and fear), which are considered more innate and universal, and self-conscious emotions. The latter are considered secondary or complex emotions because they depend on higher-order cognitive abilities, most notably a developed sense of self.thumb_upthumb_down
