What is the structure of 2,2-dimethyl-4-propyloctane

What is the structure of 2,2-dimethyl-4-propyloctane? 2. What is the structure of 3,4,5-trimethyl-8-(3-ethylcyclopropyl)decane? 3. When the 2s and the three 2p orbitals mix, how many 2sp3 hybrid orbitals are formed? Explain. 4. Is cyclohexane soluble in water and gasoline? Explain.

The Correct Answer and Explanation is:

1. Structure of 2,2-dimethyl-4-propyloctane:

This is an alkane with the following structure:

• The parent chain is octane, an eight-carbon chain.
• At carbon 2, there are two methyl groups (dimethyl).
• At carbon 4, there is a propyl group (three-carbon chain).

Structure:

markdownCopyEdit       CH3   CH3
        |     |
CH3-CH-C-CH2-CH-CH2-CH2-CH3
             |
           CH2-CH2-CH3

2. Structure of 3,4,5-trimethyl-8-(3-ethylcyclopropyl)decane:

This is a more complex alkane with:

• A decane backbone, meaning 10 carbon atoms in the main chain.
• Methyl groups at carbons 3, 4, and 5.
• At carbon 8, a 3-ethylcyclopropyl group, which is a three-membered cyclopropane ring with an ethyl group on carbon 3 of the ring.

Simplified Description:

The chain runs with methyl groups on carbons 3, 4, and 5, and at carbon 8, there is a cyclopropane ring attached, which itself has an ethyl group at position 3.

Structure Sketch (simplified for understanding):

csharpCopyEditCH3   CH3   CH3                         CH2-CH3
 |     |     |                           |
CH3-CH-CH-CH-CH2-CH2-CH-CH2-CH2-CH3
                   |  
                 cyclopropane ring with ethyl on C3

3. How many 2sp³ hybrid orbitals are formed when 2s and three 2p orbitals mix? Explain:

When one 2s orbital and three 2p orbitals mix, four 2sp³ hybrid orbitals are formed.

Explanation:

• Hybridization occurs when atomic orbitals mix to form new, equivalent orbitals for bonding.
• One s orbital and three p orbitals mix, giving: 1 (s) + 3 (p) = 4 hybrid orbitals, called sp³.
• These orbitals are equivalent in energy and geometry, arranged in a tetrahedral shape with bond angles of about 109.5 degrees.
• This hybridization is typical in methane (CH₄) and other tetrahedral molecules.

4. Is cyclohexane soluble in water and gasoline? Explain:

Cyclohexane is not soluble in water but is soluble in gasoline.

Explanation:

• Cyclohexane is a non-polar hydrocarbon composed only of carbon and hydrogen atoms arranged in a ring.
• Water is polar, with strong hydrogen bonding between its molecules.
• Due to the “like dissolves like” principle:
  • Non-polar cyclohexane does not dissolve in polar water.
  • Cyclohexane dissolves well in non-polar substances like gasoline, which is made primarily of hydrocarbons.

Thus, cyclohexane is immiscible with water but mixes well with gasoline.