A single-factor model of illness assumes that:
a. Only one factor of an illness can be dealt with at one time
b. Illness can be explained in terms of a biological disorder
c. There is only one correct treatment for the illness
d. There is one ultimate cause of all illnesses
The correct answer and explanation is:
Correct Answer: b. Illness can be explained in terms of a biological disorder
A single-factor model of illness is a theoretical approach in medicine and psychology that attributes the cause of illness to one specific biological factor. This model emerged during the early developments of medical science and became prominent with advances in pathology and germ theory. According to this model, diseases and health conditions are the result of identifiable biological causes, such as bacteria, viruses, genetic mutations, or chemical imbalances.
The single-factor model assumes that if the biological cause is discovered and treated, the illness can be cured or managed. For example, tuberculosis was historically explained as being caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium. The treatment focused entirely on eliminating the bacterium through antibiotics. This perspective does not account for psychological, behavioral, or social factors that may also influence health, such as stress, lifestyle choices, or socioeconomic conditions.
Although this model has contributed significantly to medical advances, it is limited in scope. Many illnesses, particularly chronic or mental health conditions, are influenced by a complex interplay of factors beyond biology. These may include cognitive patterns, emotions, social relationships, environment, and behaviors. This realization has led to the development of more comprehensive models like the biopsychosocial model, which considers the combined effects of biological, psychological, and social factors.
Despite its limitations, the single-factor model remains useful in specific areas of medicine where clear biological causes exist. However, relying solely on it can result in an incomplete understanding of disease and lead to treatment approaches that ignore important non-biological influences on health and healing. A more holistic view is often necessary to effectively prevent, diagnose, and treat many of today’s most common health conditions.