What are the two processes in the two-process theory of avoidance learning? Select one: classical conditioning of the avoidance response and operant conditioning of fear to the CS b. autoshaping of escape response and reinforcement of the avoidance response conditioning of escape from shock and then conditioning avoidance from shock conditioning of avoidance responses and extinction of incompatible behavior classical conditioning of fear to the CS and instrumental conditioning of the avoidance response
The Correct Answer and Explanation is:
Correct Answer:
classical conditioning of fear to the CS and instrumental conditioning of the avoidance response
Explanation:
The two-process theory of avoidance learning explains how animals and humans learn to avoid aversive events through a combination of two learning processes: classical conditioning and instrumental (operant) conditioning.
First Process: Classical Conditioning of Fear to the CS
In this stage, a neutral stimulus, called the conditioned stimulus (CS), becomes associated with an aversive event, known as the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as an electric shock. After repeated pairings, the CS alone triggers a fear response. For example, if a light or a tone always comes before a shock, the organism starts to feel fear when the light or tone appears, even if the shock has not yet occurred. This process follows the principles of Pavlovian or classical conditioning.
Second Process: Instrumental Conditioning of the Avoidance Response
Once the fear response to the CS is established, the organism can perform a specific behavior to avoid the aversive event. This behavior is reinforced because it successfully prevents the shock or negative outcome. The avoidance response reduces fear, which serves as a form of negative reinforcement. Over time, the organism continues to perform the avoidance behavior to prevent the anticipated discomfort. Even if the shock no longer occurs, the learned fear and avoidance response can persist.
Summary
The two-process theory combines emotional learning through classical conditioning with behavior learning through instrumental conditioning. The organism first learns to fear a warning signal and then learns to act to avoid the unpleasant outcome. This theory helps explain persistent avoidance behaviors seen in both animals and humans, including in situations like phobias or anxiety-related avoidance.
