Listen To be a history threat, the external event must occur: constantly during the experiment. at the beginning of the experiment. systematically, affecting most members of the group. intentionally, induced by the experimenters. Question 6 (3 points) Listen Observer bias can threaten which of the following big validities? Internal validity and construct validity External validity and construct validity Internal validity and external validity Internal validity only
The Correct Answer and Explanation is:
Correct Answers:
Question 5:
✅ systematically, affecting most members of the group.
Question 6:
✅ Internal validity and construct validity
Explanation
In research methodology, history threats refer to outside events that happen during the course of an experiment and may affect the outcome. These events are not part of the treatment but can influence the dependent variable, making it difficult to determine whether the results are due to the treatment or the external event. For an external event to qualify as a history threat, it must systematically affect most members of the group. If only a few participants are impacted, it would not pose a serious threat to the study’s internal validity. It must occur broadly and during the study period, not just at the beginning or randomly.
In Question 6, the concern is observer bias, which happens when the observer’s expectations, beliefs, or desires influence the way data is recorded or interpreted. This type of bias undermines the internal validity of a study by affecting the accuracy of cause-effect conclusions. It also harms construct validity because the bias can distort how well the operational definitions used in the study actually represent the concepts being measured. If an observer interprets behaviors or responses based on personal expectations rather than objective criteria, it weakens the link between the measure and the underlying theoretical construct. External validity, on the other hand, relates to the generalizability of the findings to other populations or settings, which is less directly impacted by observer bias.
Therefore, the correct response to Question 5 is the option indicating the systematic effect on most group members, and for Question 6, it is internal validity and construct validity, as these are the types most vulnerable to observer-related distortions. Identifying and minimizing such biases is critical for maintaining the integrity of the research results.
