Which of the following best describes an excess of courage? Select one: a. Cowardice b. Rashness c. Liberality d. Magnanimity
The correct answer and explanation is:
Correct answer: b. Rashness
Explanation (300 words):
In classical philosophy, particularly Aristotle’s “Nicomachean Ethics,” virtues are described as the mean between two extremes—each representing either a deficiency or an excess of the virtue. Courage, according to Aristotle, is the virtue that lies between cowardice (a deficiency of courage) and rashness (an excess of courage).
Courage involves facing fear and danger in a reasoned and balanced way. A courageous person takes action in the face of fear, especially when it’s noble or necessary—like in battle, protecting others, or standing up for what is right. However, when someone has too little courage, they may be overcome by fear and avoid challenges or danger. This is known as cowardice.
On the other hand, when someone has too much confidence and too little fear, they may act recklessly without considering the risks or consequences. This excessive and unreasonable boldness is known as rashness. A rash person might run into danger for the sake of appearance, thrill, or pride, not because it’s the right or wise thing to do. That is why rashness is considered the excess of courage—it mimics bravery but lacks the proper reasoning or moderation that defines true courage.
To clarify the other options:
- Liberality refers to generosity with money or resources.
- Magnanimity is greatness of soul or the virtue of being noble and generous in spirit, especially after victory or when wronged.
Therefore, among the choices given, the term that best describes an excess of courage is rashness, as it distorts the virtue of courage by pushing it beyond the balance of reason. Aristotle emphasized that true virtue always lies in the balance, not in extremes.